"to be supposed to" e "to be to": é a mesma coisa?

Hello, to be supposed to e to be to têm o mesmo significado, mas com sentido diferente:

to be supposed to:dever
Ex.:You are supposed to arrive at 9:00. (Você deve chegar às 9:00.

to be to:)dever
Ex.:She is to help me today. (Ela deve me ajudar hoje.)

see you...

1. 'Be supposed to + infinitive' é usado para se dizer que algo deve/deveria ser feito, pois faz parte das regras, leis, etc.

a. I am supposed to be there at ten.

2. No passado, refere-se a algo que deveria ter sido feito, acontecido, mas não foi feito, não aconteceu.

b. He was supposed to call her every time it happened.

We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

How to Form Relative Clauses

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing – you want to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl …

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use „the girl“ only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun „who“). So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Relative Pronouns


relative pronoun

use

example


who

subject or object pronoun for people

I told you about the woman who lives next door.


which

subject or object pronoun for animals and things

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?


which

referring to a whole sentence

He couldn’t read which surprised me.


whose

possession for people animals and things

Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?


whom

object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)

I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.


that

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)

I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.


Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.


relative adverb

meaning

use

example


when

in/on which

refers to a time expression

the day when we met him


where

in/at which

refers to a place

the place where we met him


why

for which

refers to a reason

the reason why we met him


Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman living next door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?

AULAS PERSONALIZADAS DE INGLÊS ONLINE.

Com os avanços da internet o estudo remoto se tornou possível e é uma alternativa bastante viável a quem não pode estudar de forma presencial, seja pela distância ou por questão de horários. Pensando nisso, eu, Zenaidy Dobrosky ofereço aulas de inglês personalizadas online que são ministradas via Skype ou Facebook.

São mais de 25 anos de experiência, com a satisfação de centenas de pessoas que hoje realizaram seu desejo de falar o idioma mais exigido mundialmente. Sempre ministrando aulas presenciais chego a um novo nível, teaching online (ensinando via rede). Não importa em que lugar do mundo você está, se o seu objetivo é aprender a falar ou melhorar o seu inglês, você encontrou o lugar certo! Seja na palma da mão com seu tablet, seja em casa ou no escritório, você vai ter o prazer de falar inglês e de ser compreendido.

Professora de inglês online com foco na conversação, sem esquecer de tirar todas as suas dúvidas da gramática da língua Inglesa.

As aulas personalizadas de inglês online, são preparadas para fazer o aluno conversar sem medo de errar. A professora Zenaidy Dobrosky primeiro fará analise do nível lingüístico do aluno através de uma conversa e, a partir daí, direcionará atividades como as seguintes:

• Conversação: o tempo todo o aluno é motivado a conversar em inglês através de diálogos preestabelecidos, espontâneos e assuntos corriqueiros.
• Exercícios escritos: para estes exercícios você poderá utilizar um caderno para anotações ou até mesmo a própria janela de diálogo do Skype. O material didático de apoio, é de responsabilidade da mesma, e será enviado por email para que você possa impimir ou utilizar no PC sem nenhum custo adicional.

O que preciso para aprender inglês online?

Para fazer o curso personalizado de inglês com a professora Zenaidy Dobrosky, você só precisa de um dispositivo que se conecte à internet e que suporte o aplicativo Skype e um local tranqüilo onde possa falar alto e se concentrar.Você pode aprender inglês na privacidade da sua casa, naquela horinha na praia vazia, no caminho pro trabalho, ou da maneira que você quiser.

Esta lançado o desafio, você aprende inglês ou, aprende INGLÊS com Zenaidy D.

Contrate sua primeira aula, e garantimos a satisfação de um algo a mais na cuca de quem quer aprender. Método direcionado e meticulosamente pensado e organizado de pessoa pra pessoa. Lembre-se, ninguém é igual a ninguém, logo, cada um tem seu jeito e tempo de aprendizado. Zenaidy D. Tendo morado e ministrado aulas em diversos países e para pessoas de todo mundo, conhece a maneira de ensinar com eficácia e eficiência!

Você pode escolher como quer estudar; seja uma, duas, cinco vezes na semana. Só depende da sua disposição e disponibilidade, Fazemos a agenda dos sonhos de todo mundo! (rsrsrs) Você pode marcar aulas da seguinte maneira:

Cada aula tem duração de 1 hora/dia.
Daí, você pode escolher quantas horas por semana quer aprender.
Investimento por hora:  R$30,00 (Faça 1h de aula experimental, afinal, o que você faria com R$ 30,00? Faça um teste, tenho certeza que, depois dessa primeira aula você vai querer pagar por algum dos pacotes de aulas que temos.).

Pacote com 10 aulas :R$ 250.00

Caso haja alguma dúvida basta entrar em contato.

Sempre quis estudar inglês online, mas não encontrava a professora certa? Pois você acabou de encontrar, Zenaidy Dobrosky! Prepare seu fone de ouvido e microfone e comece agora mesmo!

Mora em Angra? Quer aulas presenciais? Veja aqui as aulas de inglês particulares presenciais!

Curso de inglês personalizado: Retorno de investimento:

A maior dúvida antes de se matricular num curso de inglês é se haverá retorno do investimento feito. Com o curso de inglês personalizado da professora Zenaidy Dobrosky esta deixa de ser uma dúvida e se torna uma certeza: sim! Aqui você define seus horários e não o mais importante, não vai ser iludido a pagar por material didático inútil ou taxa de matrícula.Sejamos objetivos, o que você quer? Muitos livros fechados ou aprender inglês?! Neste quesito não existem surpresas! Junto à mensalidade já está incluso transporte da professora. Mas se quiser dar um cafezinho será ótimo! (rsrsrsrsr).

Enquanto cursos regulares de inglês prometem o aprendizado em vários semestres e, durante eles, cobram por materiais, renovações e etc., no curso de inglês personalizado da professora Zenaidy Dobrosky o tempo médio para alunos de nível iniciante ficarem hábeis a falar em inglês é de apenas seis meses. Isso mesmo, um único semestre! Após este período, caso ele deseje, poderá cursar os outros níveis que também levam em média um semestre cada.

Pronto para começar? Falar um novo idioma nunca foi tão fácil e divertido! Agende agora mesmo suas aulas com a professora particular de inglês Zenaidy Dobrosky conquiste seu inglês e transforme-o em sua marca!

Caso haja alguma dúvida basta entrar em contato.

Não mora em Angra dos Reis? Quer estudar pela internet? Veja aqui as aulas de inglês particulares online!

É uma empresa? Quer fazer sua equipe dominar o idioma mais falado do mundo? Veja aqui as aulas particulares de inglês para empresas!

O Rio de Janeiro é uma capital mundial. A chegada e saída de turistas, bem como as relações comerciais com o exterior é muito grande. E agora, com as Olimpíadas chegando o número de estrangeiros tende apenas a aumentar junto aos negócios. Por isso é necessário que todos os setores estejam preparados e que as pessoas estejam aptas a conversar usando o idioma mais falado do mundo: o inglês.

Com as aulas particulares de inglês para empresas da professora Zenaidy Dobrosky o time de sua empresa não ficará para trás quando o assunto for Business English. As aulas são dinâmicas e o objetivo é fazer os profissionais falarem com confiança e tranqüilidade.

Professora particular de inglês para negócios.

As aulas da professora particular de inglês Zenaidy Dobrosky para empresas podem ser ministradas para grupos de até quatro pessoas, sendo um encontro por semana com duração de duas horas. As atividades dadas incluem:

• Leitura: como a troca de emails, contratos e documentos é muito intensa no meio empresarial a leitura se faz essencial. Durante as aulas seu time será incentivado a ler notícias, artigos e livros sobre diversos temas .
• Interpretação: falar inglês é o maior desafio para o aluno brasileiro. Sabendo disso a professora Zenaidy Dobrosky, Aborda temas do cotidiano e com isso treina seus alunos para falarem bem e sem bloqueios através de situações fictícias e conversas sobre temas atuais.
• Listening: os exercícios de listening incluem diálogos sobre diversos assuntos para ajudar seu time a se familiarizar com o idioma, como por exemplo chamadas de aeroporto, estações de metrô, avisos climáticos e etc.

Como contratar a professora particular Zenaidy Dobrosky para dar aulas na sua empresa?

Para fazer com que sua equipe evolua e domine o idioma mais falado do mundo basta entrar em contato com a professora Zenaidy Dobrosky para fazer seu orçamento, verificar os horários disponíveis e agendar os seus.

Não deixe que sua empresa fique de fora dos efeitos da globalização! Contrate as aulas particulares de inglês para empresas e garanta o seu sucesso!

Interessado em estudar com a professora particular de inglês Zenaidy Dobrosky? Para aulas particulares de inglês ou aulas de inglês online basta entrar em contato através dos telefones, email ou redes sociais, verificar os horários disponíveis
e marcar os seus!

Celular: ( 024) 99921-2235/ (024)99250-9960

Email: zenaidydobrosky777@gmail.com

Bons estudos!

Present Continuous

Theory you need to know!   Teoria que você precisa saber!

O Present Continuous é usado para expressar a idéia de que algo está ocorrendo ou não neste exato momento, indicar algo em andamento, em progresso, e normalmente alguma ação ou evento temporário.

I am speaking to you guys right now.

We are studying.

What are they doing? (now, right now)

She isn't working.

Algumas vezes, "now" se refere a um período de tempo no qual a ação ou evento está acontecendo, portanto podemos usar o Present Continuous para expressar algo em processo. Contudo, a ação pode não estar ocorrendo neste exato momento, ou seja, o período de tempo não coincide com o tempo gramatical.

I'm also studying Spanish. => Significa que o curso de Espanhol está em andamento, mas não necessariamente que eu estou estudando neste exato momento.

My friend isn't working because he's a student.

She is reading the book "The Beauty and the Beast".

Are you reading many books?

The baby is growing.

Em algumas situações, para expressar um sentimento negativo ou opinião, podemos usar o Present Continuous. Neste caso, este tempo verbal é usado para reforçar a idéia de rotina, repetição.

The neighbour's dog is always barking.

It's always raining in England.

She is constantly complaining about the weather.

O Present Continuous pode também expressar a idéia de que algo irá ou não ocorrer no futuro próximo.

He isn't joining us for the football match tonight.

Is she going to the picnic this afternoon?

I am not doing any more work today.

Existem algumas expressões indicadoras deste tempo verbal, sendo as mais comuns: now, right now, at this moment, at this very moment.

Para formar sentenças no Present Continuous, usamos as seguintes regras:

Afirmativa: I am verbing, You are verbing, He/She/it is verbing

I am watching my favorite program on TV right now.

She is looking for a new job.

Interrogativa: Inverta o verbo auxiliar e o sujeito.

Where are you going right now?

What are they doing?

Is she eating a chocolate now?

Negativa: Adicione not depois do primeiro verbo auxiliar.

I am not working on that project.

She isn't listening to you.

We are not studying properly.

In English, there are three basic tenses: present, past, and future.

Each has a perfect form, indicating completed action; each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action; and each has a perfect progressive form, indicating ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time. Here is a list of examples of these tenses and their definitions:

Simple Forms

Progressive Forms

Perfect Forms

Perfect Progressive Forms

Present

take/s

am/is/are taking

have/has taken

have/has been taking

Past

took

was/were taking

had taken

had been taking


Future

will/shall take

will be taking

will have taken

will have been taking

Simple Forms

Present Tense

Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.



Example

Meaning


The mountains are tall and white.

Unchanging action


Every year, the school council elects new members.

Recurring action

Pb is the chemical symbol for lead.

Widespread truth

Past Tense

Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized.


Example

Form

W.W.II ended in 1945.

Regular -ed past

Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea."

Irregular form


Future Tense

Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb.

The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998.

The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to.

The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota.

We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time.

The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)




Progressive Forms

Present Progressive Tense

Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing.

The sociologist is examining the effects that racial discrimination has on society.

Past Progressive Tense

Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing.

The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets.

Future Progressive Tense

Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing.

Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week.




Perfect Forms

Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

Example

Meaning

The researchers have traveled to many countries in order to collect more significant data.

At an indefinite time

Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.
Continues in the present


Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb.

By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.

Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb.

By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several weeks waiting.


Perfect Progressive Forms

Present Perfect Progressive

Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.

Past Perfect Progressive

Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities.

Future Perfect Progressive

Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.

In modern English, the Simple Present Subjunctive is most commonly used in formal commands and requests. In the following examples, the verbs in the Simple Present Subjunctive are underlined.
e.g. They demand that he submit a report.
      We request that you be here tomorrow.

The Simple Present Subjunctive is also still used in a few traditional expressions.
e.g. Long live the King!

The past tenses of the Subjunctive, and the auxiliary would, are used in expressing wishes.
e.g. I wish you were here.
      I wish I had known that.
      I wish the rain would stop.

The past tenses of the Subjunctive, and the auxiliary would, can also be used in order to indicate that conditions being expressed are false or improbable.
e.g. If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
      If he had been here, he would have been glad to see you.

In the first example, the use of the Simple Past Subjunctive were and the Simple conjugation with would indicates that the condition expressed in the clause If I were rich is false or improbable. In the second example, the use of the Past Perfect Subjunctive had been, and the Perfect conjugation with would, indicates that the condition expressed in the clause If he had been here is false.

2. Formation of the subjunctive

The English past and present tenses discussed in previous chapters are in what is usually referred to as the Indicative Mood. Each of the past and present tenses in the Indicative Mood has a corresponding tense in the Subjunctive Mood.

In modern English, most verb tenses in the Subjunctive Mood are similar or identical to the corresponding tenses in the Indicative Mood. It should be noted that verbs in the Subjunctive Mood do not modify, but have the same form regardless of the subject.

The Simple Present Subjunctive and Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb to be are shown below. The Indicative forms are also given, for purposes of comparison. The Subjunctive forms which differ from the corresponding Indicative forms are shown in bold type.

The simple indicative and subjunctive tenses of the verb To Be

Simple Present

Indicative	Subjunctive
I am	I be
you are	you be
he is	he be
she is	she be
it is	it be
we are	we be
they are	they be

Simple Past

Indicative	Subjunctive
I was	I were
you were	you were
he was	he were
she was	she were
it was	it were
we were	we were
they were	they were

For any verb, the Simple Present Subjunctive is formed from the bare infinitive of the verb.

For any verb except the verb to be, the Simple Past Subjunctive is identical to the Simple Past Indicative.

For all of the past and present tenses conjugated with auxiliaries, the Subjunctive tenses are formed in the same way as the Indicative tenses, except that the Subjunctive of the auxiliaries is used.

Using the example of the verb to work, the following table compares the tenses of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods. The Subjunctive forms which differ from the corresponding Indicative forms are printed in bold type.

The indicative and subjunctive tenses of the verb To Work

Simple Present

Indicative	Subjunctive
I work	I work
you work	you work
he works	he work
she works	she work
it works	it work
we work	we work
they work	they work

Present Continuous

Indicative	Subjunctive
I am working	I be working
you are working	you be working
he is working	he be working
she is working	she be working
it is working	it be working
we are working	we be working
they are working	they be working

Present Perfect

Indicative	Subjunctive
I have worked	I have worked
you have worked	you have worked
he has worked	he have worked
she has worked	she have worked
it has worked	it have worked
we have worked	we have worked
they have worked	they have worked

Present Perfect Continuous

Indicative	Subjunctive
I have been working	I have been working
you have been working	you have been working
he has been working	he have been working
she has been working	she have been working
it has been working	it have been working
we have been working	we have been working
they have been working	they have been working

Simple Past

Indicative	Subjunctive
I worked	I worked
you worked	you worked
he worked	he worked
she worked	she worked
it worked	it worked
we worked	we worked
they worked	they worked

Past Continuous

Indicative	Subjunctive
I was working	I were working
you were working	you were working
he was working	he were working
she was working	she were working
it was working	it were working
we were working	we were working
they were working	they were working

Past Perfect

Indicative	Subjunctive
I had worked	I had worked
you had worked	you had worked
he had worked	he had worked
she had worked	she had worked
it had worked	it had worked
we had worked	we had worked
they had worked	they had worked

Past Perfect Continuous

Indicative	Subjunctive
I had been working	I had been working
you had been working	you had been working
he had been working	he had been working
she had been working	she had been working
it had been working	it had been working
we had been working	we had been working
they had been working	they had been working

The following table summarizes the formation of the English Subjunctive tenses:

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	do	bare infinitive
Present Continuous	be	present participle
Present Perfect	have	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have been	present participle
Simple Past	did	bare infinitive
Past Continuous	were	present participle
Past Perfect	had	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	present participle

3. Formal commands and requests

The Simple Present Subjunctive was once more extensively used than it is today. In modern American English, the Simple Present Subjunctive is still used in clauses beginning with the word that which express formal commands or requests. In the following examples, the word that is printed in bold type, and the verbs in the Simple Present Subjunctive are underlined.
e.g. They requested that she arrive early.
      It is important that they be present at the meeting.
      The demand that he provide identification will create a delay.

The main clauses of the preceding examples are they requested, it is important and the demand will create a delay. In the first example, the verb requested is in the Simple Past; in the second example, the verb is is in the Simple Present; and in the third example, the verb will create is in the Simple Future.

As illustrated in these examples, the use of the Simple Present Subjunctive in the subordinate clause of a formal command or request is independent of the tense of the verb in the main clause.

The Simple Present Subjunctive is more commonly used in formal English than in informal English. For instance, the sentence "He advises that you not be late," is an example of formal English. In informal English, the same idea would probably be expressed by the sentence "He advises you not to be late," in which the infinitive is used, rather than a clause requiring the Simple Present Subjunctive.

See Exercise 1.

4. Wishes

The past tenses of the Subjunctive, and the auxiliary would, are used in the subordinate clauses of sentences which use the verb to wish in the main clause. In the following examples, the verb to wish is printed in bold type, and the verbs in the subordinate clauses are underlined.
e.g. He wishes that he were rich.
      They wish that they had studied harder when they were young.
      She wishes that you would come to the meeting tomorrow.

It should be noted that the word that can be omitted from a sentence which uses the verb to wish in the main clause.
e.g. He wishes he were rich.
      They wish they had studied harder when they were young.
      She wishes you would come to the meeting tomorrow.

The form of the verb used in the subordinate clause of a wish is independent of the tense of the verb in the main clause. 

As explained below, the form of the verb used in the subordinate clause of a wish is determined by whether the time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is earlier than, the same as, or later than the time of the action referred to in the main clause.

a. An earlier time
When the subordinate clause refers to an earlier time than the main clause, the Past Perfect Subjunctive is usually used in the subordinate clause. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Perfect Subjunctive are underlined.
e.g. We wished he had spoken to us.
      I wish you had called earlier.
      They will wish they had listened to us sooner.

In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive may be used instead of the Past Perfect Subjunctive. In the following example, the verb in the Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive is underlined.
e.g. She wishes she had been staying with us last week.

In each of these examples, the use of the Past Perfect Subjunctive or the Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive indicates that the subordinate clause refers to an earlier time than the main clause.

See Exercise 2.

b. The same time
When the subordinate clause refers to the same time as the main clause, the Simple Past Subjunctive is usually used in the subordinate clause. In the following examples, the verbs in the Simple Past Subjunctive are underlined.
e.g. When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.
      Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.
      When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.

In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Past Continuous Subjunctive may be used instead of the Simple Past Subjunctive. In the following example, the verb in the Past Continuous Subjunctive is underlined.
e.g. They wish they were traveling now.

In each of these examples, the use of the Simple Past Subjunctive or the Past Continuous Subjunctive indicates that the subordinate clause refers to the same time as the main clause.

See Exercise 3.

c. A later time
When the subordinate clause refers to a later time than the main clause, the Simple conjugation with the auxiliary would is usually used in the subordinate clause. In the following examples, the verbs in the Simple conjugation with would are underlined.
e.g. You wished she would arrive the next day.
      I wish she would change her mind.
      He will wish we would join him the following week.

In each of these examples, the use of the Simple conjugation with would indicates that the subordinate clause refers to a later time than the main clause.

See Exercise 4.

d. Summary
The following table summarizes the verb forms most often used in the subordinate clauses of sentences expressing wishes.

Time Referred to in Subordinate Clause
Compared to Time Referred to in Main Clause	Form of Verb Used in Subordinate Clause
Earlier	Past Perfect Subjunctive or
	Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive
	e.g. I wish it had snowed yesterday.
Same	Simple Past Subjunctive or
	Past Continuous Subjunctive
	e.g. I wish it were snowing now.
Later	Simple conjugation with would
	e.g. I wish it would snow tomorrow.

See Exercise 5.

e. Use of the auxiliary Could in expressing wishes
It should be noted that the modal auxiliary could, which will be discussed further in the next chapter, can also be used in the subordinate clause of a sentence expressing a wish. The auxiliary could forms conjugations in the same way as the auxiliary would.
e.g. I wish I could help you tomorrow.
      I wish I could help you now.

As illustrated in the preceding examples, the Simple conjugation with could may be used when the time referred to in the subordinate clause is later than, or the same as, the time referred to in the main clause.

As illustrated in the following example, the Perfect conjugation with could may be used when the time referred to in the subordinate clause is earlier than the time referred to in the main clause.
e.g. I wish I could have helped you yesterday.

5. Conditions which are false or improbable

Conditions are most often expressed in subordinate clauses beginning with the word if. In the following examples, the word if is printed in bold type.
e.g. If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
The condition contained in this sentence is expressed in the subordinate clause if it had rained yesterday.

Sometimes the word if is omitted from a subordinate clause expressing a condition. When the word if is omitted, the verb (in the case of the Simple tenses of to be), or the first auxiliary, must be placed before the subject. The following pairs of sentences illustrate the change in word order which occurs when the word if is omitted from a clause expressing a condition. In these examples, the verbs of the subordinate clauses are underlined.
e.g. If I were braver, I would challenge him.
      Were I braver, I would challenge him.

      If they had been expecting us, they would have arranged to meet us.
      Had they been expecting us, they would have arranged to meet us.

      If I had not received your message, I would have left.
      Had I not received your message, I would have left.

See Exercise 6.

As well as being expressed in subordinate clauses beginning with the word if, conditions may also be expressed in subordinate clauses beginning with the word unless.
e.g. Unless he were a giant, he would not be able to see over the wall.

Either the Indicative Mood or the Subjunctive Mood can be used to express a condition.

In the case of a condition which is considered true or probable, the Indicative Mood is used.
e.g. If she is here now, we will ask her opinion.
In this example, the verb is is in the Simple Present Indicative. The use of the Simple Present Indicative indicates that the condition if she is here now is considered to be probable.

In the case of a condition which is considered false or improbable, the Subjunctive Mood is used.
e.g. If she were here now, we would ask her opinion.
In this example, the verb were is in the Simple Past Subjunctive. The use of the Simple Past Subjunctive indicates that the condition if she were here now is considered to be false or improbable.

a. Forms of the verb used in the main clause
When a sentence contains a condition which is considered false or improbable, the verb in the main clause is usually in the Simple or Perfect conjugation with the auxiliary would.

i. Referring to present or future time
In a sentence containing a false or improbable condition, if the main clause refers to present or future time, the Simple conjugation with the auxiliary would is usually used. In the following examples, the verbs in the Simple conjugation with would are underlined.
e.g. If he were ready, I would accompany him.
      If she came, I would lend her my bicycle.

In these examples, the use of the Simple conjugation with would indicates that the main clauses I would accompany him and I would lend her my bicycle refer to present or future time.

In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Continuous conjugation with would may be used. In the following examples, the verbs in the Continuous conjugation with would are underlined.
e.g. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.
      If they arrived tomorrow, he would be giving them a tour of the city.

See Exercise 7.

ii. Referring to past time
In a sentence containing a false or improbable condition, if the main clause refers to past time, the Perfect conjugation with the auxiliary would is usually used. In the following example, the verb in the Perfect conjugation with would is underlined.
e.g. If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.

In this example, the use of the Perfect conjugation with would indicates that the main clause I would have skied in the park refers to past time. The use of the Perfect conjugation with would, combined with the use of the Past Perfect in the subordinate clause, indicates that the condition it had snowed is false, and that the action of skiing did not take place.

In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Perfect Continuous conjugation with would may be used. In the following example, the verb in the Perfect Continuous conjugation with would is underlined.
e.g. If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.

See Exercise 8.

iii. Summary
The forms of the verb most commonly used in the main clauses of sentences containing false or improbable conditions are summarized in the following table.

Referring To	Verb in Main Clause
Present or	Simple conjugation with would
future time	or Continuous conjugation with would
	e.g. If you started now, you would arrive on time.
Past time	Perfect conjugation with would
	or Perfect Continuous conjugation with would
	e.g. If you had started yesterday, you would have arrived on time.

See Exercise 9.

iv. Use of the auxiliary Could in sentences containing false or improbable Conditions
It should be noted that the auxiliary could can be used in either the main clause or the subordinate clause of a sentence containing a false or improbable condition. The first pair of examples illustrates the use of the auxiliary could in the main clause. The second pair of examples illustrates the use of the auxiliary could in the subordinate clause.
e.g. If they studied hard, they could pass the exam next year.
      If they had studied hard, they could have passed the exam last year.

      If you could see me now, you would not recognize me.
      If you could have seen me yesterday, you would not have recognized me.

In these examples, the verbs could pass and could see are in the Simple conjugation with could; and the verbs could have passed and could have seen are in the Perfect conjugation with could. As illustrated in these examples, the Simple conjugation with could may be used to refer to present or future time; whereas the Perfect conjugation with could may be used to refer to past time.

b. Forms of the verb used in the subordinate clause
i. Referring to present or future time
In a sentence containing a false or improbable condition, if the subordinate clause refers to present or future time, the Simple Past Subjunctive is usually used. In the following examples, the verbs in the Simple Past Subjunctive are underlined.
e.g. If it snowed, I would ski in the park.
      If he were here, I would give him the books.

In these examples, the use of the Simple Past Subjunctive indicates that the subordinate clauses if it snowed and if he were here refer to present or future time.

In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Past Continuous Subjunctive may be used. In the following example, the verb in the Past Continuous Subjunctive is underlined.
      If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.

See Exercise 10.

It should be noted that, in the case of the verb to be, in informal English, the Simple Past Indicative is often used instead of the Simple Past Subjunctive. For instance, the following pair of examples shows how the same idea might be expressed in formal and informal English.

Formal: If he were here now, I would give him the books.
Informal: If he was here now, I would give him the books.

It should be observed that, even when the Indicative is used instead of the Subjunctive, the use of a past tense for an action pertaining to present time, combined with the use of the conjugation with would in the main clause, is enough to indicate clearly that the condition expressed is considered false or improbable. However, this use of was instead of were is considered grammatically incorrect in formal English.

ii. Referring to past time
In a sentence containing a false or improbable condition, if the subordinate clause refers to past time, the Past Perfect Subjunctive is usually used. In the following example, the verb in the Past Perfect Subjunctive is underlined.
e.g. If he had wanted to come, he would have called us.

In this example, the use of the Past Perfect Subjunctive indicates that the subordinate clause if he had wanted to come refers to past time. The use of the Past Perfect Subjunctive also indicates that the condition he had wanted to come is false.

In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive may be used. In the following example, the verb in the Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive is underlined.
e.g. If it had been raining yesterday, I would have taken my umbrella.

See Exercise 11.

iii. Summary
The forms of the Subjunctive most commonly used in subordinate clauses expressing false or improbable conditions are summarized in the following table.

Referring To	Verb in Subordinate Clause
Present or	Simple Past Subjunctive
future time	or Past Continuous Subjunctive
	e.g. If you started now, you would arrive on time.
Past time	Past Perfect Subjunctive
	or Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive
	e.g. If you had started yesterday, you would have arrived on time.

See Exercise 12.

c. Changing a statement containing a probable condition into a statement containing an improbable condition
A statement containing a probable condition can be changed into a statement containing an improbable condition, by changing the forms of the verbs.

For instance, in each of the following pairs of examples, the first statement contains a probable condition; whereas the second statement contains an improbable condition. The verbs in the subordinate clauses and main clauses are underlined.

Probable: If he is here now, we will give him the book.
Improbable: If he were here now, we would give him the book.

Probable: If I have time tonight, I will help you with your homework.
Improbable: If I had time tonight, I would help you with your homework.

In these examples, he is here now and I have time tonight express probable conditions; whereas he were here now and I had time tonight express improbable conditions.

These examples illustrate how, when referring to non-continuous actions in present or future time, a statement containing a probable condition can be changed into a statement containing an improbable condition. The verb in the subordinate clause is changed from the Simple Present Indicative to the Simple Past Subjunctive; and the verb in the main clause is changed from the Simple Future to the Simple conjugation with would.

See Exercise 13.

It is sometimes said that when a verb is in the Indicative Mood, the use of a past tense indicates remoteness in terms of time; however, when a verb is in the Subjunctive Mood, the use of a past tense indicates remoteness in terms of probability.

6. The imperative mood

The Imperative Mood is used for giving commands. Like the Simple Present Subjunctive, the Imperative Mood of a verb is formed from the bare infinitive of the verb. For instance, the Imperative of the verb to work is work. In the following examples, the verbs in the Imperative Mood are underlined.
e.g. Work!
      Work harder!

Likewise, the Imperative of the verb to be is be.
e.g. Be more alert!
      You be ready to come with us.

The Imperative Mood can be used only in the second person. As shown in the first three examples above, the subject of the sentence is often omitted when the Imperative Mood is used. In such sentences, the subject you is said to be "understood". In written English, when the subject of the verb is omitted from a command, the command is often followed by an exclamation mark: !

The Imperative Mood can also be used in negative statements. Negative statements are formed using the auxiliary do, followed by the word not. The contraction don't is often used in spoken English. For example:

Without Contractions	With Contractions
Do not work so hard.	Don't work so hard.
Do not be afraid.	Don't be afraid.