Active / Passive Verb Forms

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

Example
Meaning

The researchers have traveled to many countries in order to collect more significant data.
At an indefinite time

Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.
Continues in the present

Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb.

By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.

Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb.
By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several weeks waiting.

Perfect Progressive Forms
Present Perfect Progressive
Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.
Past Perfect Progressive

Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities.

Future Perfect Progressive

Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.

Present perfect with superlative forms of adjectives

Tags:
emphasis
perfect
present
superlatives

The present perfect tense is often used with superlative forms of adjectives to express emphasis.

This is the first time I have been to Prague.
This is the worst film I have ever seen.

This use also applies to the past perfect tense.

Jill was the most beautiful girl John had ever met.

This sentence means that until that time John had never met such a beautiful girl. It also implies that he has since then. If, however, poor John hasn't met anybody like her since then, we use the present perfect:

Jill was the most beautiful girl John has ever met.

With future tenses (this will be...) we use the present simple tense in such structures.

This will be the last time that I buy you a tram ticket.

Diagrams



Present perfect with an incomplete period
Present perfect Present perfect to express annoyance

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Past perfect with superlative forms of adjectives

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O Present Continuous é utilizado para expressar ações no presente, as quais acontecem no momento em que se fala, para indicar eventos futuros que tenham sido planejados e confirmados ou ainda para expressar certeza de que algo irá acontecer.

Em português, o gerúndio tem a seguinte terminação –ndo, como por exemplo: Eu estou caminhando agora. No inglês, forma-se com a conjugação do verbo to be (am/is/are) + o verbo principal com a terminação –ing. Ele geralmente acompanha advérbios de tempo: now (agora), at present (no presente), at the moment (no momento) e etc.

Observe o verbo to speak:
Pronome

Verbo to be

Verbo no gerúndio

I

am

Speaking


You

are


He

is


She


It


We


are


You


They


O verbo to be pode ser abreviado. As abreviações são utilizadas na fala, visto que é informal fazer abreviações. Na escrita, dispensam-se abreviações. Observe:

Pronome

Verbo to be

I

'm


You

're


He

's


She


It


We


're


You


They
Para transformar um verbo em Present Continuous, a adição do –ing, há que se observar algumas regras:
VERBOS TERMINADOS EM –E: retira-se o –e e acrescenta-se –ing

Change (mudar):changing

live (viver): living

EXCEÇÕES:

Be (ser, estar): being

lie (mentir): lying

Ex.: I am having dinner now. (Eu estou jantando agora.)
You are lying. (Você está mentindo.)
VERBOS DE UMA SÍLABA (OU DUAS, DESDE QUE A ÚLTIMA SEJA TÔNICA, TERMINADOS NA SEQUÊNCIA CONSOANTE-VOGAL-CONSOANTE): dobra-se a última letra e acrescenta-se –ing

run (correr): running

stop (parar): stopping

Ex.: Sarah is running very fast. (Sarah está correndo muito rápido.)
He is stopping at the corner. (Ele está parando na esquina.)

Obs.: Em inglês britânico, dobra-se a consoante L => travel (viajar): travelling

EXCEÇÃO: Não se dobram as consoantes w e x:

Snow (nevar): snowing

fix (arrumar): fixing

MAS CASO A SÍLABA TÔNICA SEJA A PRIMEIRA: somente acrescenta-se –ing

open (abrir): opening

happen (acontecer): happening

VERBOS TERMINADOS EM –Y: acrescenta-se –ing

play (jogar): playing

say (dizer): saying

Ex.: Wait! I am playing video game. (Espere! Eu estou jogando videogame.)
Look! He is saying something. (Olhe! Ele está dizendo alguma coisa.)

try (tentar): trying

cry (chorar): crying

Ex.: This exercise is difficult. I’m trying to do it. (Esse exercício é difícil. Eu estou tentando fazê-lo.)
Oh my God, she is crying. (Ô meu Deus, ela está chorando.)

VERBOS TERMINADOS EM –IE: troca-se o –ie por –y e acrescenta-se –ing

lie (mentir): lying

die (morrer): dying

Ex.: She is lying to me. (Ela está mentindo para mim.)
I’m dying. (Eu estou morrendo.)

HAS BEEN' = present perfect - tempo verbal que não existe em português.
Portanto, o melhor é saber usar e não entender.
Usos mais prováveis para quem se 'inicia no uso' do present perfect:

- He has been my best friend for years. ==> usei HAS BEEN porque literalmente 'ele tem sido meu amigo por anos' ou 'ele É meu amigo há anos'
==> essa ação não teve fim, começou em algum momento no passado e segue até hoje ==> TÍPICO DE PRESENT PERFECT: um passado que ainda se manifesta no presente.

- It's been a long time we don't see each other. ==> faz muito tempo que não nos vemos ==>
- It's been a long time I don't see my mother. ==> faz muito tempo que não vejo minha mãe
==> sempre que quiser usar essa expressão de tempo em português, use do jeito que escrevi em inglês, em 'contraction' mesmo.
==> sem a 'contraction' seria 'It has been a long time...' mas é 99% de uso com 'contraction'.

- She's been in the USA for a long time. ==> ela está nos EUA há muito tempo
==> essa ação não teve fim, começou em algum momento no passado e segue até hoje.

Bom, tô sem idéias para acrescentar, mas se vc pegar o jeito para usar essas 2 idéias, já caminhou bem no present perfect. Aí, num outro dia falamos de outra situação de present perfect.

Conjugação do verbo "to interrupt" em Inglês

Infinitivo: to interrupt (interrupted|interrupted)

Conjugação do verbo "to interrupt"

Present

I interrupt
you interrupt
he/she/it interrupts
we interrupt
you interrupt
they interrupt

Present continuous

I am interrupting
you are interrupting
he/she/it is interrupting
we are interrupting
you are interrupting
they are interrupting

Simple past

I interrupted
you interrupted
he/she/it interrupted
we interrupted
you interrupted
they interrupted

Past continuous

I was interrupting
you were interrupting
he/she/it was interrupting
we were interrupting
you were interrupting
they were interrupting

Present perfect

I have interrupted
you have interrupted
he/she/it has interrupted
we have interrupted
you have interrupted
they have interrupted

Present perfect continuous

I have been interrupting
you have been interrupting
he/she/it has been interrupting
we have been interrupting
you have been interrupting
they have been interrupting

Past perfect

I had interrupted
you had interrupted
he/she/it had interrupted
we had interrupted
you had interrupted
they had interrupted

Past perfect continuous

I had been interrupting
you had been interrupting
he/she/it had been interrupting
we had been interrupting
you had been interrupting
they had been interrupting

Future

I will interrupt
you will interrupt
he/she/it will interrupt
we will interrupt
you will interrupt
they will interrupt

Future continuous

I will be interrupting
you will be interrupting
he/she/it will be interrupting
we will be interrupting
you will be interrupting
they will be interrupting

Future perfect

I will have interrupted
you will have interrupted
he/she/it will have interrupted
we will have interrupted
you will have interrupted
they will have interrupted

Future perfect continuous

I will have been interrupting
you will have been interrupting
he/she/it will have been interrupting
we will have been interrupting
you will have been interrupting
they will have been interrupting

Conditional present

I would interrupt
you would interrupt
he/she/it would interrupt
we would interrupt
you would interrupt
they would interrupt

Conditional perfect

I would have interrupted
you would have interrupted
he/she/it would have interrupted
we would have interrupted
you would have interrupted
they would have interrupted

Conditional present progressive

I would be interrupting
you would be interrupting
he/she/it would be interrupting
we would be interrupting
you would be interrupting
they would be interrupting

Conditional perfect progressive

I would have been interrupting
you would have been interrupting
he/she/it would have been interrupting
we would have been interrupting
you would have been interrupting
they would have been interrupting

Present subjunctive

I interrupt
you interrupt
he/she/it interrupt
we interrupt
you interrupt
they interrupt

Past subjunctive

I interrupted
you interrupted
he/she/it interrupted
we interrupted
you interrupted
they interrupted

Past perfect subjunctive

I had interrupted
you had interrupted
he/she/it had interrupted
we had interrupted
you had interrupted
they had interrupted

Future subjunctive

Imperative

you interrupt
we Let´s interrupt
you interrupt

Present participle

interrupting

Sinônimos (inglês) para "to interrupt":

© Princeton University

break   disturb   disrupt   disrupt   break up

Traduções (Português) para o verbo "to interrupt"

interrupção   interromper

Frases de exemplo (Português) para "to interrupt"

Desculpa interromper.

Desculpe, eu não queria interromper nada.

Tinha de facto proposto inicialmente­ e mantenho essa proposta a priori­ uma interrupção do nosso debate sobre o alargamento, amanhã entre as 17 e as 18 horas, para aproveitar a presença do senhor Presidente em exercício do Conselho Moscovici, que poderia fazer uma declaração seguida de debate e votação.

Mas é ordinariamente aceite que perto de metade da diferença salarial se deve ao diferente desenvolvimento da carreira de homens e mulheres - as mulheres aceitam, por exemplo, com muito mais facilidade uma interrupção da sua carreira do que os homens, o que se reflecte num atraso da sua carreira -, a diplomas de nível inferior - principalmente entre as trabalhadoras mais velhas -, e ainda ao facto de as mulheres que trabalham serem, em média, mais jovens do que os homens, por outras palavras, a diferenças e

Vamos ter que interromper este debate.

Lamento ter de o interromper.

Vamos interromper agora o debate para passar à votação.

A Comissão pode negociar de alguma forma com os países terceiros a suspensão ou a interrupção das negociações, com vista a alcançar uma solução razoável?

Não percebo porque é que há colegas que estão a tentar interromper-me.

Senhor Presidente, quero pedir-lhe para interromper as votações.

Faremos uma interrupção por volta das 12H15 para poder discutir o relatório da deputada Michèle Lindeperg.

E não é muito correcto interromper um colega que está a falar.

Iremos agora interromper o debate para procedermos às votações.

Caros colegas, sou neste momento obrigado a interromper o debate.

USES OF THE INFINITIVE

A) Infinitive with TO

a) The infinitive as subject (sujeito)

To know all about it was impossible.
(Era impossivel saber tudo sobre isso.)

b) "Infinitive" indicando finalidade, propósito
He came to see me.
(Ele veio me ver.)

He went there in order to kill his wife.
in order = a fim de
(Ele foi lá a fim de matar sua esposa.)

She got up early to study.
(Ela levantou-se cedo para estudar.)

He did it to please his mother.
(Ele fez isso para satisfazer sua mãe.)

c) The infinitive after:

HOW, WHAT, WHERE etc.

He doesn't know how to do the exercises.
(Ele não sabe fazer os exercícios.)

She didn't tell me what to prepare for dinner.
(Ela não me disse o que preparar para a refeição.)

Have you decided where to live?
(Você decidiu onde morar?)

THE FIRST, THE SECOND etc.

She is always the first to come.
(Ela é sempre a primeira a vir.)

THE LAST

Tom was the last to go away.
(Tom foi o último a partir.)

THE ONLY

She was the only one to know the truth.
(Ela foi a única a saber a verdade.)

TOO
She is too weak to walk.
(Ela está fraca demais para andar.)

ENOUGH
The secretary hasn't had enough time to type the letters.
(A secretária não teve tempo suficiente para digitar as cartas.)

d) The infinitive after adjectives

I'm very glad to see you again.
(Estou muito contente em ver você outra vez.)

It's easy to do these exercises.
(É fácil fazer estes exercícios.)

It's impossible to dream.
(É impossível sonhar.)

It's good of you to try it again.
(É bom você tentar outra vez.)

e) Infinitive after certain expressions

USED TO
He used to bring her flowers.
(Ele costumava trazer-lhe flores.)

TO BE SUPPOSED TO
You are supposed to be a good lawyer.
(Supõe-se/espera-se que você seja um bom advogado.)

CAN'T AFFORD
Liza can't afford to buy that car.
(Liza não tem meios para comprar aquele carro.)

TO BE ABOUT
He is about to move southwards.
(Ele está para se mudar para o sul.)

TO BE = MUST
John is to marry Ann next week.
(John deve casar-se com Ann na semana que vem.)


f) Infinitive after certain verbs

APPEAR = aparecer, parecer
ASK = perguntar, pedir
CARE = importar-se
CONSENT = consentir
DECIDE = decidir-se
ENDEVOUR = esforçar-se
EXPECT = esperar
FAIL = falhar
FORBID - FORBADE - FORBIDDEN = proibir
HAVE - HAD - HAD = ter
HESITATE = hesitar
HOPE = esperar
INVITE = convidar
LEARN - LEARNED (LEARNT) - LEARNED (LEARNT) = aprender
MANAGE = conseguir, administrar
OBLIGE = obrigar
ORDER = mandar, ordenar, pedir
PREPARE = preparar
PROMISE = prometer
REFUSE = recusar
REMIND = fazer lembrar
SEEM = parecer
SWEAR - SWORE - SWORN = jurar
TEACH - TAUGHT - TAUGHT = ensinar
TELL - TOLD - TOLD = contar, dizer
WANT = querer
WARN = prevenir

Ex.:
We have to go now.
(Temos que ir agora.)

He finally decided to build a new house.
(Ele finalmente decidiu construir uma nova casa.)

The man refused to help us.
(O homem se recusou em ajudar-nos.)
ATTENTION!!!
She told us to wait outside.
told = verbo
us = object
to wait = infinitive
(Ela disse-nos para esperar fora.)

The policeman ordered the drivers to stop.
ordered = verb
the drivers = object
to stop = infinitive
(O policial mandou que os motoristas parassem.)

B) Infinitive WITHOUT TO
a) After anomalous verbs:
can (could)
may (might)
shall (should)
will (would)
do (did)
need
dare

He can speak English well.
(Ele pode falar inglês bem.)

You may sit down.
(Você pode sentar.)

He must talk to you.
(Ele deve lhe falar.)

They will come soon.
(Eles virão logo.)

ATTENTION!!!
Os verbos DO, NEED (precisar) e DARE (ousar) são usados ora como verbos auxiliares, ora como verbos principais.
Ex.:
He doesn't know how to swim.
doesn't = verbo auxiliar
know = infinitivo sem o TO
(Ele não sabe nadar.)
You needn't go yet.
needn't = v. aux.
go = infinitivo sem o TO
(Você não precisa ir ainda.)

He daren't say that.
daren't = v. aux.
say = inf. sem o TO
(Ele não ousa dizer aquilo.)

MAS:

He did it to help you.
did = v. principal
to help = inf. com o TO
(Ele fez isso para ajudar você.)

You don't need to worry about me.
need = v. principal
to worry = inf. com o TO
(Você não precisa se preocupar comigo.)

He won't dare to disturb us.
dare = v. principal
to disturb = inf. com o TO
(Ele não ousará perturbar-nos.)

Notem que esses verbos (DO, NEED, DARE), quando usados como verbos principais, podem também depender de outros verbos auxiliares.
Ex.:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM:
You need to worry about me.
(Você precisa se preocupar comigo.)

NEGATIVE FORM
You don't need to worry about me.
(Você não precisa se preocupar comigo.)



b) After the verbs: MAKE, BID, LET >>> infinitive without TO

To make, made, made = fazer
You made me break the vase.
(Você me fez quebrar o vaso.)

To bid - bade - bidden = ordenar, mandar
She bade the maid wash the clothes.
(Ela mandou a empregada lavar a roupa.)

To let - let - let = deixar, permitir
Let me go.
(Deixe-me ir.)


ATTENTION!!!
Lembre-se dos verbos de percepção: SEE, HEAR etc.
Ex.:
He saw her cry.
He saw her crying.
(Ele a viu chorando.)



VERB TO HELP
He helped me carry the box (American English).
He helped me to carry the box (British English).
(Ele me ajudou a carregar a caixa.)




c) After WOULD RATHER and HAD BETTER

I would rather stay at home.
= I'd rather
(Eu prefiro/preferiria ficar em casa.)

You had better be quiet.
= You'd better
(Seria / é / será melhor você ficar quieta.)




d) After the prepositions - BUT and EXCEPT

She couldn't do anything but cry.
(Ela não pôde fazer nada exceto chorar.)

He will help us do everything except clean the house.
(Ele nos ajudará a fazer tudo exceto limpar a a casa.)




TO WITHOUT THE INFINITIVE

He will go if he wants to (go).
(Ele irá se quiser.)

He tried to make a speech but he wasn't able to (make).
(Ele tentou fazer um discurso mas não pôde.)

O infinitivo pode ser representado pela partícula TO, quando se quer evitar a repetição do verbo.
INFINITIVE (NEGATIVE FORM)

NOT + INF. COM O "TO"
He asked me not to wait for him.
(Ele pediu-me para não esperá-lo.)

NOT + INF. SEM O "TO"
He had better not drink so much.
(Seria melhor que ele não bebesse tanto.)